Selenium-rich food potentially useful to control mercury levels among Afro-Colombians: Towards an intercultural intervention

Introduction. Diet-based interventions may be a culturally acceptable option to decrease mercury levels and thus prevent the adverse effects of this metal on population health. Selenium is an element present in Colombian geology that can act as a chelator, decreasing mercury concentrations in the human body. Objective. To identify potentially useful selenium-rich foods to control the effects of mercury exposure among Afro-Colombians. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 320 individuals from five municipalities of Chocó. They were asked about the frequency of consumption of selenium-rich foods, and their association with mercury concentrations in hair was estimated with multiple robust regression. Results. Guava, whole wheat flour, strawberries, cow liver, spinach and yeast extract were the foods with higher consumption. Walnuts, whole wheat flour, and yeast extract were identified in multiple robust regression as foods to consider in future interventions. Conclusion. It is proposed that the banana juice, the pineapple colada, the borojó (Borojoa patinoi) sorbet, the cucas, and the enyucado are basic elements for a culturally acceptable intervention.

Introducción. Las intervenciones basadas en la dieta pueden ser una opción culturalmente aceptable para disminuir los niveles de mercurio y prevenir los efectos adversos de este metal en la salud de la población. El selenio es un elemento presente en la geología colombiana que puede actuar como quelante, disminuyendo las concentraciones de mercurio en el cuerpo humano. Objetivo. Identificar los alimentos ricos en selenio potencialmente útiles para controlar los efectos de la exposición a mercurio entre afrocolombianos. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal con 320 individuos de cinco municipios del departamento del Chocó. Se les preguntó sobre la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos ricos en selenio y su asociación con las concentraciones de mercurio en cabello fue estimada con regresión múltiple robusta. Resultados. La guayaba, la harina de trigo integral, las fresas, el hígado de vaca, la espinaca y el extracto de levadura fueron los alimentos de mayor consumo. Las nueces, la harina de trigo integral y el extracto de levadura fueron identificados en regresión múltiple robusta como alimentos por considerar en futuras intervenciones. Conclusiones. Se propone que el jugo de plátano, la piña colada, el sorbete de borojó (Borojoa patinoi), las cucas, el enyucado y la sábida de plátano primitivo maduro son elementos básicos para una intervención culturalmente aceptable.

Micronuclei, Pesticides, and Element Mixtures in Mining Contexts: The Hormetic Effect of Selenium.

The contexts where there are mining and agriculture activities are potential sources of risk to human health due to contamination by chemical mixtures. These contexts are frequent in several Colombian regions. This study explored the potential association between the frequency of micronuclei and pesticides and elements in regions with ferronickel (Montelibano, Córdoba) and gold (Nechí, Antioquia) mining, and a closed native mercury mine (Aranzazu, Caldas), with an emphasis in the potential effect of selenium as a potential chelator. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 247 individuals. Sociodemographic, occupational, and toxicological variables were ascertained. Blood and urine samples were taken for pesticide analysis (5 organophosphates, 4 organochlorines, and 3 carbamates), 68 elements were quantified in hair, and micronuclei were quantified in lymphocytes. The mixtures of elements were grouped through principal component analysis. Prevalence ratios were estimated with robust variance Poisson regressions to explore associations. Interactions of selenium with toxic elements were explored. The highest concentrations of elements were in the active mines. The potentially most toxic chemical mixture was observed in the ferronickel mine. Pesticides were detected in a low proportion of participants (<2.5%), except paraoxon-methyl in blood (27.55%) in Montelibano and paraoxon-ethyl in blood (18.81%) in Aranzazu. The frequency of micronuclei was similar in the three mining contexts, with means between 4 to 7 (p = 0.1298). There was great heterogeneity in the exposure to pesticides and elements. The "hormetic effect" of selenium was described, in which, at low doses, it acts as a chelator in Montelibano and Aranzazu, and at high doses, it can enhance the toxic effects of other elements, maybe as in Nechí. Selenium can serve as a protective agent, but it requires adaptation to the available concentrations in each region to avoid its toxic effects.

Micronuclei frequency and exposure to chemical mixtures in three Colombian mining populations.

The Colombian mining industry has witnessed significant growth. Depending on the scale and mineral extracted, complex chemical mixtures are generated, impacting the health of occupationally exposed populations and communities near mining projects. Increasing evidence suggests that chromosomal instability (CIN) is an important link between the development of certain diseases and exposure to complex mixtures. To better understand the effects of exposure to complex mixtures we performed a biomonitoring study on 407 healthy individuals from four areas: three located in municipalities exploiting different-scale mining systems and a reference area with no mining activity. Large, medium, and small-scale mining systems were analyzed in Montelibano (Córdoba), artisanal and small-scale mining (ASGM) in Nechí (Antioquia), and a closed mining system in Aranzazu (Caldas). The reference area with no mining activity was established in Montería (Córdoba). ICP-MS measured multi-elemental exposure in hair, and CIN was evaluated using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus technique (MNBN). Exposure to mixtures of chemical elements was comparable in workers and residents of the mining areas but significantly higher compared to reference individuals. In Montelibano, increased MNBN frequencies were associated with combined exposure to Se, Hg, Mn, Pb, and Mg. This distinct pattern significantly differed from other areas. Specifically, in Nechí, Cr, Ni, Hg, Se, and Mg emerged as the primary contributors to elevated frequencies of MNBN. In contrast, a combination of Hg and Ni played a role in increasing MNBN in Aranzazu. Interestingly, Se consistently correlated with increased MNBN frequencies across all active mining areas. Chemical elements in Montelibano exhibit a broader range compared to other mining zones, reflecting the characteristics of the high-impact and large-scale mining in the area. This research provides valuable insights into the effects of exposure to chemical mixtures, underscoring the importance of employing this approach in the risk assessment of communities, especially those from residential areas.

Health conditions of Hitnü indigenous people potentially exposed to crude oil in Arauca, Colombia / Condiciones de salud de los indígenas hitnü potencialmente expuestos a petróleo crudo (Arauca, Colombia)

Introduction: The Hitnü indigenous people live in precarious sanitary conditions, with food insecurity and being victims of sociopolitical violence in Arauca, Colombia. In addition, it is possible that they may be affected by exposure to hydrocarbons found in oil. Objective: To identify the health outcomes of morbidity and mortality profiles of the Hitnü people that could be associated with the exposure to crude oil. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with Hitnü indigenous people, during February and March, 2021, time of drought. A household questionnaire was applied, and one individual to collect data from the environment around the house, occupations and other activities, as well as data from sociodemographic, signs, symptoms, and findings of a medical examination. The potential association with hydrocarbons was explored considering three groups: inhabitants in Arauca city, Aspejaná reserve (not exposed), and San José del Lipa and La Vorágine reserves (exposed by the Ele river and tributaries). With free listings, causes of death were explored. The study incorporated a rigorous intercultural management in all its components. Results: A total of 576 indigenous people from 16 settlements participated. The water consumed could serve as means of exposure to hydrocarbons. Health problems were very varied, including infectious and chronic diseases, malnutrition, and trauma. The masses on the neck were associated with residing in the ancestral reserves (PR = 3.86; CI95% 1.77-8.39), territories with potential exposure to crude-oil. The most relevant causes of death were homicide, tumors, and tuberculosis. Conclusion: For its possible association with exposure to hydrocarbons, it is a priority to start the intercultural study of lymphadenopathies in indigenous communities potentially exposed to crude oil.

Introducción. El pueblo hitnü vive en condiciones sanitarias precarias, con inseguridad alimentaria y víctima de la violencia sociopolítica en Arauca (Colombia). Además, se sospecha que pueden estar afectados por la exposición a los hidrocarburos del petróleo. Objetivo. Identificar los eventos de salud del perfil de morbilidad y mortalidad de los indígenas hitnü que podrían asociarse con la exposición a petróleo crudo. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal con indígenas hitnü, durante febrero y marzo de 2021, época de sequía. Se aplicó un cuestionario de hogares y uno individual para recolectar datos del ambiente peridomiciliario, ocupaciones y otras actividades, así como datos sociodemográficos, signos, síntomas y hallazgos de un examen médico. La potencial asociación con los hidrocarburos se exploró considerando tres grupos, según su localización: cabecera de Arauca, resguardo Aspejená (no expuestos) y resguardos de San José del Lipa y La Vorágine (expuestos por su cercanía al río Ele y afluentes). Con listados libres, se exploraron las causas de muerte. El estudio incorporó un riguroso manejo intercultural en todos sus componentes. Resultados. Participaron 576 indígenas de 16 asentamientos. El agua consumida pudo servir como medio de exposición a los hidrocarburos. Los problemas de salud fueron muy variados e incluían enfermedades infecciosas y crónicas, malnutrición y trauma. Las masas en el cuello se asociaron con residir en los resguardos ancestrales (RP=3,86; IC95% 1,77-8,39), territorios potencialmente expuestos al petróleo. Las causas de muerte más relevantes fueron el homicidio, los tumores y la tuberculosis. Conclusión: Por su posible asociación con los hidrocarburos, es prioritario el estudio intercultural de linfoadenopatías entre indígenas potencialmente expuestos al petróleo.

Genetic Instability among Hitnü People Living in Colombian Crude-Oil Exploitation Areas.

Oil exploitation, drilling, transportation, and processing in refineries produces a complex mixture of chemical compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which may affect the health of populations living in the zone of influence of mining activities (PZOI). Thus, to better understand the effects of oil exploitation activities on cytogenetic endpoint frequency, we conducted a biomonitoring study in the Hitnü indigenous populations from eastern Colombia by using the cytokinesis micronucleus cytome assay (CBMN-cyt). PAH exposure was also measured by determine urine 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) using HPLC. We also evaluated the relationship between DNA damage and 1-OHP levels in the oil exploitation area, as well as the modulating effects of community health factors, such as Chagas infection; nutritional status; and consumption of traditional hallucinogens, tobacco, and wine from traditional palms. The frequencies of the CBMN-cyt assay parameters were comparable between PZOI and Hitnü populations outside the zone of influence of mining activities (POZOI); however, a non-significant incremental trend among individuals from the PZOI for most of the DNA damage parameters was also observed. In agreement with these observations, levels of 1-OHP were also identified as a risk factor for increased MN frequency (PR = 1.20) compared to POZOI (PR = 0.7). Proximity to oil exploitation areas also constituted a risk factor for elevated frequencies of nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) and APOP-type cell death. Our results suggest that genetic instability and its potential effects among Hitnü individuals from PZOI and POZOI could be modulated by the combination of multiple factors, including the levels of 1-OHP in urine, malnutrition, and some traditional consumption practices.

Adaptación y validación factorial de dos escalas de solastalgia en español en contextos con embalses / Adaptation and factorial validation of two scales of solastalgia in Spanish in contexts with dams

RESUMEN Objetivo Reportar los resultados del proceso de adaptación y evaluación psicométrica de dos escalas para medir la solastalgia en contextos relacionados con la construcción de embalses. Métodos Primero se adaptó al español la escala Environmental Distress Scale de Higginbotham et ál., que fue probada con una población ribereña del río San Jorge (Córdoba, Colombia). Luego se hicieron grupos focales y entrevistas con habitantes cercanos a Hidrosogamoso para comprender el concepto de solastalgia, asociado a la construcción de embalses. Finalmente se construyeron dos escalas, de 8 y 13 ítems, que fueron usadas con residentes cercanos a las centrales hidroeléctricas de Sogamoso (Santander) y El Quimbo (Huila), respectivamente. La validación incluyó la evaluación de unidimensionalidad con componentes principales y la evaluación de confiabilidad con alfa de Cronbach. Resultados Participaron 103 individuos de los alrededores del embalse de Hidrosogamoso y 277 individuos del embalse de El Quimbo. En ambas escalas se identificó un factor con eigenvalue de 3,95 y 8,12 en Hidrosogamoso y El Quimbo, respectivamente. Los coeficientes de Cronbach fueron de 0,8515 y 0,9441 para los grupos Hidrosogamoso y El Quimbo, respectivamente. Conclusiones Los resultados permitieron tener dos escalas en español de 8 y 13 ítems, siendo esta última la de mejor desempeño psicométrico. Así, no es posible tener solo una escala de solastalgia, debido a que debe ser adaptada al ambiente deteriorado o contaminado relacionado con la solastalgia.

ABSTRACT Objective To report the results of the adaptation process and psychometric evaluation of two scales to measure solastalgia in contexts related to the construction of dams. Methods First, the Environmental Distress Scale of Higginbotham et al was adapted to Spanish, which was tested with a riverine population of the San Jorge River (Córdoba). Then there were focus groups and interviews with residents near to Hidrosogamoso dam to understand the concept of solastalgia associated with the construction of reservoirs. Finally, two scales were built, of eight and 13 items, which were used with residents near the Sogamoso (Santander) and El Quimbo (Huila) hydroelectric dams, respectively. The validation included the one-dimensionality assessment with principal components, and the reliability assessment with Cronbach's alpha. Results 103 individuals from the surroundings of the Hidrosogamoso dam and 277 indivi-duals from the El Quimbo reservoir participated in the study. In both scales, a factor with an eigenvalue of 3.95 and 8.12 was identified in Hidrosogamoso and El Quimbo, respectively. The Cronbach coefficients were 0.8515 and 0.9441 for the Hidrosogamoso and El Quimbo groups, respectively. Conclusions The results allowed two scales of 8 and 13 items in Spanish, the latter being the one with the best psychometric performance. It is not possible to have a solastalgia scale, because it must be adapted to the deteriorated or polluted environment related to solastalgia.

Desempeño del sistema de vigilancia colombiano durante la pandemia de COVID-19: evaluación rápida de los primeros 50 días / Performance of the Colombian surveillance system during the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid evaluation of the first 50 days

Introducción. La pandemia de COVID es un desafío para la vigilancia en salud pública y una oportunidad para evaluar sus fortalezas y debilidades en aras de mejorar la respuesta. Objetivo. Evaluar el desempeño del sistema de vigilancia en salud pública colombiano durante los primeros 50 días de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el país. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron los datos publicados entre el 6 de marzo y el 24 de abril de 2020 por el Instituto Nacional de Salud y la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS). Se consideraron en la evaluación: i) la calidad de los datos según la ley de Benford y ii) la oportunidad de la información, medida como la diferencia en fechas entre los datos generados en el Instituto Nacional de Salud y los recogidos en el informe situacional de la OMS. La variabilidad en el cumplimiento de la ley de Benford se evaluó con los valores de p en las pruebas de razón del logaritmo de la verosimilitud, ji al cuadrado o exacta de Moreno. Resultados. Hasta el 24 de abril hubo 4.881 casos de COVID-19 en Colombia. En la mayoría de los primeros 50 días se cumplió la ley de Benford, excepto en los primeros días de la epidemia. La diferencia entre los informes del Instituto Nacional de Salud y la OMS ha dependido, en gran medida, de la diferencia en los horarios de cierre de la información. Conclusión. En general, el sistema de vigilancia en salud pública colombiano cumplió con la ley de Benford, lo cual sugiere que hubo calidad en los datos. En futuros estudios que comparen el desempeño de los departamentos y distritos se podrá mejorar el diagnóstico de la vigilancia en salud pública del país.

Introduction: The COVID pandemic is a challenge for public health surveillance and an opportunity to assess its strengths and weaknesses to improve the response. Objective: To evaluate the performance of the Colombian public health surveillance system during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country. Materials and methods: We analyzed the data published between March 6 and April 24, 2020, by the Instituto Nacional de Salud and the World Health Organization (WHO). We evaluated: i) the quality of the data according to the fulfillment of Benford's law, and ii) the timeliness of the information measured as the difference in dates between the data generated by the Instituto Nacional de Salud and WHO's situational reports. We assessed the fulfillment of Benford's law using the p values of the log-likelihood ratio, the chi square or Moreno's exact tests. Results: Until April 24 there were 4,881 cases of COVID-19 in Colombia. During most of the first 50 days of the pandemic, Benford's law was fulfilled except the first days of the epidemic. The difference between Instituto Nacional de Salud and WHO reports largely depends on the different reporting times. Conclusion: In general, the Colombian public health surveillance system fulfilled Benford's law suggesting that there was quality in the data. Future studies comparing the performance of the departments and districts will improve the diagnosis of the Colombian surveillance system.

Evaluación comparativa de la vigilancia en salud pública de COVID-19 en Colombia: primer semestre / Benchmarking of public health surveillance of COVID-19 in Colombia: First semester

Introducción. La vigilancia en salud pública y las decisiones sanitarias recomendadas son fundamentales para el manejo adecuado de la pandemia de SARS-CoV-2. Objetivo. Hacer una evaluación comparativa del desempeño de los departamentos colombianos de este atributo del sistema de vigilancia con base en la calidad de los datos y construir la clasificación nacional según el desempeño. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron los casos acumulados publicados por el Instituto Nacional de Salud entre el 6 de marzo y el 1° de septiembre de 2020. Para la comparación, los análisis consideraron el día en que se diagnosticó el primer caso como la primera fecha de análisis de cada departamento. El cumplimiento de la ley de Benford se evaluó con los valores de p en las pruebas de razón del logaritmo de la verosimilitud o ji al cuadrado. Se completó el análisis del atributo de calidad del dato con la letalidad observada en cada departamento, y se estableció la clasificación según el desempeño. Resultados. La ciudad de Bogotá y el departamento del Valle del Cauca tuvieron un desempeño óptimo en la vigilancia en salud pública durante todo el periodo observado. Los datos sugieren que los departamentos de Antioquia, Nariño y Tolima tuvieron una buena contención y una adecuada vigilancia en salud pública después de la apertura económica iniciada el 1° de junio de 2020. Conclusión. Se obtuvo una clasificación de los departamentos y de Bogotá según la calidad de los datos de vigilancia en salud pública. Los mejores cinco entes territoriales pueden ser casos de estudio para determinar los elementos asociados con el buen desempeño.

Introduction: Public health surveillance together with good sanitary decisions is essential for the proper management of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Objective: To compare the performance of Colombian departments based on the quality of the data and to build the national ranking. Materials and methods: We analyzed the accumulated cases published between March 6 and September 1, 2020, by the Instituto Nacional de Salud. To achieve comparability, the analyses considered the day the first case was diagnosed as the first analysis date for each department. The fulfillment of Benford's law was assessed with p-values in the log-likelihood ratio or chi-square tests. The analysis was completed with the lethality observed in each department and then the performance ranking was established. Results: Bogotá and Valle del Cauca had optimal public health surveillance performance all along. The data suggest that Antioquia, Nariño, and Tolima had good containment and adequate public health surveillance after the economic opening beginning on June 1, 2020. Conclusion: We obtained the ranking of the departments regarding the quality of public health surveillance data. The best five departments can be case studies to identify the elements associated with good performance.

Desempeño de las pruebas combinadas de IgM e IgG rápidas en la vigilancia ocupacional de COVID-19 en empresas colombianas / Performance of rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody tests in the occupational surveillance of COVID-19 in Colombian enterprises

Introducción. Las pruebas combinadas de IgM e IgG rápidas pueden tener un papel importante en la vigilancia de la COVID-19 y en su diagnóstico, así como en la evaluación de la respuesta inmunológica y la verificación de los avances hacia la inmunidad de rebaño. Objetivo. Evaluar el desempeño de las pruebas rápidas de anticuerpos en la vigilancia ocupacional de la COVID-19 en un grupo de empresas colombianas. Materiales y métodos. Se usaron datos de la vigilancia ocupacional de empresas que hicieron pruebas serológicas periódicas a todo el personal desde finales de abril hasta comienzos de julio de 2020. Los trabajadores laboraban en grupos pequeños ("burbujas sociales") para evitar brotes y optimizar la vigilancia. La sensibilidad se estimó como si el muestreo respondiera a un diseño prospectivo. Se describieron, asimismo, los cambios en las pruebas serológicas por medio de rondas periódicas. Resultados. Se obtuvieron datos de 4.740 trabajadores, de los cuales solo 23 eran sintomáticos. En ellos se evidenciaron cambios de IgM(-)/IgG(-) a IgM(+), y luego a IgM(+)/ IgG(+) e IgG(+). La sensibilidad fue de 40,94 % para las IgM(+) y 47,95 % para las IgM(+)/ IgG(+), lo que implica que se pudo detectar un poco menos de la mitad de los casos. Conclusión. Las pruebas rápidas de anticuerpos tienen un papel en el proceso diagnóstico de la infección y deben evaluarse teniendo en cuenta el momento de la epidemia, el tipo de prueba comprada y las poblaciones de riesgo, dado que sus resultados dependen del número de contagios y de casos. En el contexto de la presente crisis sanitaria pueden optimizarse si se organizan los trabajadores en "burbujas sociales".

Introduction: Rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody tests can play an important role in the COVID-19 surveillance by supporting the diagnosis of infection, assessing the immune response, and verifying the progress towards herd immunity. Objective: To evaluate the performance of rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody tests in COVID-19 occupational surveillance in a group of Colombian enterprises. Materials and methods: We used the occupational surveillance data from companies that had performed periodic serological tests on all personnel from the end of April to the beginning of July, 2020. Workers were organized in small groups ("social bubbles") to prevent outbreaks and optimize surveillance. The sensitivity was estimated as if the sampling had a prospective design. We describe here the changes in serological testing through periodic rounds. Results: Data were obtained from 4,740 workers, of whom only 23 were symptomatic showing changes from IgM(-)/IgG(-) to IgM(+) and then to IgM(+)/IgG(+) and IgG(+). The sensitivity was 40.94% for IgM(+) and 47.95% for IgM(+)/IgG(+). This implies that a little less than half of the cases can be detected. Conclusion: Antibody rapid tests have a role in the diagnostic process of infection and they must be evaluated taking into account the moment of the epidemic, the type of test purchased, and the populations at risk since their results depend on the number of infections and cases. In the context of a health crisis, they can be optimized by organizing workers into "social bubbles".

Crónica de una pandemia anunciada: caso Santander (Parte 1) / Chronicle of a pandemic foretold: Santander case (Part 1)

Resumen Introducción: la pandemia de COVID-19 llegó al departamento de Santander el 17 de marzo de 2020; los primeros casos fueron importados y relacionados, manteniendo una baja ocurrencia generalizada hasta finales de mayo. Desde ese momento empiezan a aumentar los casos de manera rápida, consecuencia de la flexibilización laboral de mitad de mayo y el desconfinamiento desde el 1 de junio. Se tiene como objetivo generar un insumo a los tomadores de decisiones en el mejoramiento de la respuesta a la pandemia Materiales y métodos: se realizó un análisis del comportamiento de la pandemia por COVID-19 en Santander, a partir de datos de registros oficiales y análisis de efectos colaterales desde la visión de la salud pública y un enfoque de Una Salud. Resultados: Se comienzan a evidenciar los efectos colaterales de la pandemia que no afectan únicamente al sector salud. Aún no se conocen las consecuencias del día sin IVA (19 de junio) en la ocurrencia de infectados. Una evaluación preliminar de la respuesta gubernamental en Santander sugiere falta de preparación; es notoria la disminuida capacidad de vigilancia en salud pública, en epidemiología de campo y capacidad diagnóstica, incapacidad de aumentar el número de unidades de cuidado intensivo, inadecuada comunicación con la sociedad, limitada capacidad de acción de las comunidades y falta de claridad en el manejo intersectorial de las diversas manifestaciones y efectos colaterales de la pandemia. Discusión: con base en el análisis, a comienzos de julio 2020 el panorama de respuesta a la pandemia es desalentador en Santander.

Abstract Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic reached Santander on March 17, 2020. The first cases were imported and related, keeping a low occurrence in general, until the end of May. Since then the cases increased rapidly, consequence of the occupational flexibilization of mid-May and the lack of confinement since June 1. The objective of the study is to provide supplies to decision-makers to improve the response to the pandemic. Materials and methods: An analysis of the behavior of the COVID-19 pandemic in Santander was carried out, using data from official records and analysis of side effects from the public health perspective and a One Health approach. Results: the side effects of the pandemic that do not only affect the health sector are beginning to be evident. The consequences of the day without VAT (June 19) on the occurrence of infected people are still unknown. A preliminary evaluation of the government response in Santander suggests lack of preparation; It is evident the diminished capacity for surveillance in public health, field epidemiology and diagnostic capacity, inability to increase the number of intensive care units, inadequate communication with community, limited capacity for community action, and lack of clarity in intersectoral management of the various manifestations and side effects of the pandemic. Discussion: based on the analysis, in July 2020 the panorama of response to the pandemic is discouraging in Santander.

Lesiones ocupacionales y el "síndrome del estudiante" (o procrastinación) en un gran proyecto de construcción / Occupational injuries and the "student syndrome" (or procrastination) on a large construction Project

Abstract Introduction: There is a higher occurrence of injuries on the first working days of the week, and between 13:00 and 17:00 hours. An association between some special dates and changes in the occurrence of deaths or diseases have been described in different countries and regions. Our hypothesis was that completing contractual obligations with a company may become triggers that increase the occurrence of occupational injuries. Methods: Injury records were analyzed and consolidated monthly payroll reports (from January 2012 to September 2013) for personnel operations who worked in companies that were involved in a megaproject to build a road in Colombia. This analysis reports a possible association between dates of financially important contractual milestones and a higher occurrence of occupational injuries. One-tailed binomial tests were used to compare the occurrence of injuries one and two months before and one month after four deadlines, corresponding to 14, 3, 1 and 1% of the overall budget, respectively. Results: The highest occurrence of injuries was observed during the month before the deadline corresponding to 14% of the budget (p=0.07). Discussion: Contractual milestones could act as distal determinant whereas human errors are proximal determinants of injuries.

Resumen Introducción: Hay una mayor incidencia de lesiones en los primeros días hábiles de la semana, y entre las 13:00 y las 17:00 horas. Se ha descrito una asociación entre algunas fechas especiales y cambios en la ocurrencia de muertes o enfermedades en diferentes países y regiones. Nuestra hipótesis fue que el cumplimiento de las obligaciones contractuales de una empresa puede convertirse en un desencadenante que aumenta la ocurrencia de lesiones laborales. Métodos: Nosotros analizamos los registros de lesiones e informes de nómina mensuales consolidados (de enero de 2012 a septiembre de 2013) para el personal que trabajaba en empresas que participaron en un megaproyecto para construir una carretera en Colombia. Este análisis informa una posible asociación entre las fechas de hitos contractuales financieramente importantes y una mayor ocurrencia de lesiones laborales. Pruebas binomiales de una cola se usaron para comparar la ocurrencia de lesiones uno y dos meses antes vs un mes después de cuatro fechas límite, correspondientes al 14, 3, 1 y 1% del presupuesto general, respectivamente. Resultados: La mayor incidencia de lesiones se observó durante el mes anterior a la fecha límite correspondiente al 14% del presupuesto (p=0,07). Discusión: Los hitos contractuales podrían actuar como determinantes distales, mientras que los errores humanos son determinantes proximales de las lesiones.